George P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and Supportive Practices: Cross-Cultural Codes 1. ETHNOLOGY 9:302-330.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
This file presents a body of coded cultural data pertaining to the derivation, transportation, preservation, and storage of food in a typical (or focal) community in each of the 186 SCCS societies. The reader who uses the coded materials should bear in mind two warnings. First, since the data for each society have been assessed or "pinpointed" with reference to a particular local group at a particular date, the codes may not hold true for the larger society as a whole. For such complex and diversified cultures as those of the Burmese, Chinese, Egyptians, Japanese, Russians, Turks, and Vietnamese, for example, the indicated absence of such traits as banks, fishing, improved highways, markets, and motorized land and water transport, however valid for the pinpointed locality, may actually be misrepresentative of the total society. Second, since the data were coded primarily with reference to food or subsistence, the reader should not assume that the codes adequately reflect the actual importance of such activities as trade, animal husbandry, or transportation in the total culture. Variable 5, for example, assesses only the contribution of animal husbandry to the food supply and ignores its importance in other respects, e.g., as a source of prestige or of products other than food.
1. INTERCOMMUNITY TRADE AS FOOD SOURCE
# of Code Descriptive
Cases # = Label
3 . = Missing Data
7 1 = No Trade
51 2 = Food Imports absent although trade present
Food Imports present, and contribute:
4 3 = Salt or Minerals only
81 4 = < 10% of food (90% form local extractive sources)
38 5 = < 50% of food, and less than any single local source
- 6 = < 50% of food, and more than any single local source
2 7 = > 50% of food
2. FOOD IMPORT ACQUISITION
62 . = Missing Data
49 1 = Direct individual exchanges
10 2 = Indirect individual exchanges
28 3 = Local markets
34 4 = Middlemen
3 5 = Three or four of above
3. AGRICULTURE- CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL FOOD SUPPLY
35 1 = None
3 2 = Non-food Crops
17 3 = < 10%
12 4 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
42 5 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
77 6 = Primarily agricultural
5. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
8 1 = None
41 2 = Present, not food source
67 3 = < 10% food supply
33 4 = < 50% - chiefly meat
21 5 = < 50% - chiefly dairy
S 6 = < 50% - chiefly honey
16 7 = > 50%
7. FISHING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
2 . = Missing Data
27 1 = None
79 2 = < 10% food supply
55 3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
10 4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
13 5 = > 50%
9. HUNTING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
4 . = Missing Data
18 1 = None
3 2 = Not food source
85 3 = < 10% food supply
61 4 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
8 5 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
7 6 = > 50%
11. GATHERING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
4 . = Missing Data
16 1 = None
116 2 = < 10% food supply
40 3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
7 4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
3 5 = > 50%
13. LAND TRANSPORT (especially regarding food transport)
1 . = Missing Data
108 1 = Human Carriers, incl. tumpline
41 2 = Pack Animals
13 3 = Draft Animals (sleds, travois)
12 4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles
11 5 = Motorized vehicles
15. WATER TRANSPORT
5 . = Missing Data
20 1 = None, but feasible note: 1 & 2 should be reversed
56 2 = Not feasible
10 3 = Floats or rafts
73 4 = Human powered craft
20 5 = Sail powered craft
2 6 = Motorized craft
17. MONEY (MEDIA OF EXCHANGE) AND CREDIT
3 . = Missing Data
77 1 = No media of exchange or money
12 2 = Domestically usable articles as media of exchange
263 = Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange
424 = Foreign coinage or paper currency
265 = Indigenous coinage or paper currency
18. CREDIT SOURCE
17 . = Missing Data
113 1 = Personal loans between friends or relatives
26 2 = Internal money lending specialists
23 3 = External money lending specialists
7 5 = Banks or comparable institutions
20. FOOD STORAGE
4 . = Missing Data
36 1 = None
129 2 = Individual households
7 3 = Communal facilities
3 4 = Political agent controlled repositories
7 5 = Economic agent controlled repositories
21. FOOD SURPLUS VIA STORAGE
. = Missing Data
69 1 = None or barely adequate
84 2 = Simple or adequate
33 3 = Complex or More than adequate
INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
Barry, Herbert, III, and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early
Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. ETHNOLOGY 10: 466-508.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the
transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18
months. The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer
to the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling
begins, usually around 9 months. Variables 33-38 include both infancy and
early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Variables
39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18 months.
Variables 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood.
23. SLEEPING PROXIMITY OF PARENTS TO INFANT
13 . = Missing Data
- 1 = Mo and Fa in different room than infant
12 2 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different room
- 3 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa unspecified
30 4 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different bed
55 5 = Mo, Fa same room as infant, beds not specified
24 6 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa different room
5 7 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa not specified
24 8 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa same room
23 9 = Mo and Fa in same bed as infant
24. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - EARLY INFANCY
55 . = Missing Data
42 1 = None except in emergency
1 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
21 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
41 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
26 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board
25. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - LATER INFANCY
63 . = Missing Data
61 1 = None except in emergency
8 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
14 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
23 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
17 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board
26. BODILY CONTACT - EARLY INFANCY
65 . = Missing Data
3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
16 2 = Occasionally
33 3 = Up to 1/2 time
49 4 = > 1/2 time
20 5 = Almost Constantly
27. BODILY CONTACT - LATE INFANCY
69 . = Missing Data
3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
15 2 = Occasionally
41 3 = Up to 1/2 time
43 4 = > 1/2 time
15 5 = Almost Constantly
31. INFANT CRYING- RESPONSE
83 . = Missing Data
3 1 = Indifferent or punitive
3 2 = Slow or perfunctory, nurturant
19 3 = Speedy but inconsistently nurturant
67 4 = Generally speedy, nurturant
11 5 = Always speedy, nurturant
32. INFANT CRYING- AMOUNT
139 . = Missing Data
16 1 = Very Infrequent and brief
10 2 = Infrequent and short
9 3 = Infrequent and prolonged
11 4 = Frequent and short
1 5 = Frequent and prolonged
33. CHILDHOOD PAIN INFLICTION
38 . = Missing Data
17 1 = Absent
37 2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain
63 3 = Occasional mild pain
25 4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain
6 5 = Frequent pain
- 6 = Very painful
34. POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO
52 . = Missing data
2 1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth
7 2 = None
29 3 = 1 month or less
42 4 = 6 months or less
12 5 = 1 year or less
20 6 = 2 years or less
22 7 = > 2 years
35. CEREMONIALISM SURROUNDING CHILD, BEYOND NUCLEAR FAMILY
7 . = Missing Data
20 1 = None
73 2 = Only within first 2 months
56 3 = One occasion at later age
20 4 = Two or more ceremonies
10 5 = Prominent
36. MAGICAL PROTECTIVENESS APPLIED TO PARENTS AND CHILD
8 . = Missing Data
8 1 = None
22 2 = Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade
76 3 = Slight, neonatally and later
66 4 = Moderate, neonatally and later
6 5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later
37. PHYSICAL PROTECTIVENESS AGAINST CHILDHOOD ILLNESS
20 . = Missing Data
1 1 = No special effort
43 2 = Slight
79 3 = Moderate, e.g., regular baths
39 4 = Some exceptional techniques, e.g., medicines,
ointments, diapers
4 5 = Variety of exceptional techniques
39. WEANING- AGE AND SEVERITY
29 . = Missing Date
103 1 = > 2 years and gentle
27 2 = > 2 years and severe
17 3 = > 1 year and gentle
5 4 = > 1 year and severe
3 5 = > 6 months and gentle
1 6 = > 6 months and severe
1 7 = < 6 months and gentle
- 8 = < 6 months and severe
40. MOTOR SKILLS- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
109 . = Missing Data
2 1 = Discourage or punish early development
2 2 = Ignore development
22 3 = No active assistance, but attention given
42 4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards
9 5 = Strong Encouragement and assistance
41. AUTONOMY- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
81 . = Missing Data
25 1 = > 4 years and gradual
3 2 = > 4 years and abrupt
54 3 = 2-4 years and gradual
23 4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual
- 5 = < 2 years and abrupt
*note: recode category 4
42. ELIMINATION- ENCOURAGEMENT OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD
123 0 = None
7 1 = 3-5 years
27 2 = > 18 months
9 3 = > 1 year
7 4 = > 6 months
13 5 = < 6 months
43. COVERING GENITALS- AGE
50 0 = Even adults uncovered
85 1 = Very late
14 2 = Late
2 3 = > 1 year
1 4 = < 6 months
34 5 = After birth
44. WEANING- AGE OF ONSET
30 . = Missing Data
19 1 = up to 12 months
12 2 = 13 - 20 months
67 3 = 21 - 24
6 4 = 25 - 30
36 5 = 31 - 36
9 6 = 37 - 42
7 7 = 43 - 48
- 8 = 49 - 60
- 9 = 61 - 72
45. WEANING- AGE OF TERMINATION
30 . = Missing Data
7 1 = up to 12 months
5 2 = 13 - 20
38 3 = 21 - 24
8 4 = 25 - 30
64 5 = 31 - 36
16 6 = 37 - 42
14 7 = 43 - 48
4 8 = 49 - 60
- 9 = 61 - 72 months
51. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY
24 . = Missing Data
5 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
81 2 = Principally Mother, others minor roles
63 3 = Principally Mother, others important roles
10 4 = Mother < 1/2 care
2 5 = Mother minor but significant
1 6 = Mother minimal except for nursing
52. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD
50 . = Missing Data
- 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
36 2 = Principally Mother, others important roles
60 3 = Mother < 1/2 care
38 4 = Primarily others
2 5 = Exclusively others
53. ROLE OF FATHER, INFANCY
32 . = Missing Data
8 1 = Distant
27 2 = Rarely close
72 3 = Occasionally close
44 4 = Frequently close
3 5 = Regularly close
54. ROLE OF FATHER, EARLY CHILDHOOD
36 . = Missing Data
4 1 = Distant
18 2 = Rarely Close
46 3 = Occasionally Close
73 4 = Frequently Close
9 5 = Regularly Close
55. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS
48 . = Missing Data
31 1 = Children, Females
4 2 = Children, unspecified
11 3 = Children, both sexes
60 4 = Adult Family, Females
- 5 = Adult Family, unspecified
14 6 = Adult Family, both sexes
17 7 = Others, Female
1 9 = Others, both sexes
56. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS
45 . = Missing Data
10 1 = Peer Group, single sex
1 2 = Peer Group, unspecified
43 3 = Peer Group, both sexes
22 4 = Older Children, single sex
8 5 = Older Children, unspecified
22 6 = Older Children, both sexes
14 7 = Adults, single sex
21 9 = Adults, both sexes
57. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY (taking 51 and 52 into account)
67 . = Missing Data
1 1 = Severe or neglectful
8 2 = Lesser severity
19 3 = Occasional indulgence
80 4 = Greater
11 5 = Highly affectionate
58. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES
67 . = Missing Data
36 1 = Low in category
34 2 = Medium in category
49 3 = High in category
*Note: Combine 57 and 58
59. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD (taking 51 and 52 into account)
54 . = Missing Data
2 1 = Severe
24 2 = Less Severity
32 3 = Occasional Severity
64 4 = Greater Leniency
10 5 = Consistently Lenient
60. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD: MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES
54 . = Missing Data
43 1 = Low in Category
44 2 = Medium in Category
45 3 = High in Category
*Note: Combine 59 and 60 to get a fine-scaled variable
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
George P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. Settlement Patterns and
Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. ETHNOLOGY 11: 54-295.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
61. FIXITY OF SETTLEMENT
28 1 = Migratory
21 2 = Semi-nomadic--fixed then migratory
6 3 = Rotating among 2 or more fixed
14 4 = Semi-sedentary--fixed core, some migratory
15 5 = Impermanent--periodically moved
102 6 = Permanent
63. COMMUNITY SIZE
1 . = Missing Data
28 1 = < 50
28 2 = 50-99
45 3 = 100-199
32 4 = 200-399
29 5 = 400-999
15 6 = 1,000-4,999
5 7 = 5,000-49,999
3 8 = > 50,000
64. POPULATION DENSITY
2 . = Missing Data
36 1 = < 1 person per 5 sq. mile
22 2 = 1 person per 1-5 sq. mile
25 3 = 1-5 persons per sq. mile
27 4 = 1-25 persons per sq. mile
34 5 = 26-100 persons per sq. mile
20 6 = 101-500 persons per sq. mile
20 7 = over 500 persons per sq. mile
69. MARITAL RESIDENCE
1 . = Missing data
38 1 = Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin
8 2 = Avunculocal - with husband's mother's brother's kin
118 3 = Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin
12 4 = Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin
9 5 = Neolocal - separate from kin
70. DESCENT - MEMBERSHIP IN CORPORATE KINSHIP GROUPS
26 1 = Matrilineal - through female line
10 2 = Double descent: separate groups through male and female
lines
75 3 = Patrilineal - through male line
6 4 = Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation
69 5 = Bilateral - not a corporate kin group
73. COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
6 1 = Lacking or low compared to community segments or larger
polity
26 2 = By common residence only
16 3 = Common Identity, dialect, subculture
78 4 = Overlapping Kin ties
8 5 = Common social or economic status
20 6 = Common political ties
32 7 = Common religious ties
74. PROMINENT COMMUNITY CEREMONIALS
67 1 = Rites of passage
69 2 = Calendrical
36 3 = Magical or religious
14 4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended (e.g., potlatch)
75. CEREMONIAL ELEMENTS
54 1 = Feasting and/or drinking
10 2 = Exchanges other than food
51 3 = Entertainment
57 4 = Sacrifice other than human
13 5 = Human sacrifice
1 6 = Masochistic behavior
77. LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, PRIMARY
3 . = Missing data
17 1 = No headman or council
10 2 = By appointment
10 3 = Seniority
2 4 = Divination
37 5 = Informal consensus
22 6 = Electoral process
61 7 = Patrilineal
14 8 = Matrilineal
10 9 = Hereditary with personal qualifications
79. POLYGAMY (see 68)
2 1 = Polyandry - primarily monogamous with some plural husbands
31 2 = Monogamy
96 3 = Polygyny < 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)
57 4 = Polygyny > 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)
80. FAMILY SIZE
7 1 = Nuclear Monogamous
70 2 = Nuclear Polygynous
16 3 = Stem Family
59 4 = Small extended
34 5 = Large extended
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Tuden, Arthur, and Catherine Marshall. 1972. Settlement Patterns and
Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. ETHNOLOGY 11:436-464.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
83. LEVELS OF SOVEREIGNTY
2 . = Missing data
98 1 = Stateless society
31 2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up
14 3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up
41 4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level
84. HIGHER POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
3 . = Missing data
85 1 = Absent
28 2 = Peace group
46 3 = Alliances
7 4 = Confederation
17 5 = International organization
88. ADVISORY BODIES
5 . = Missing data
98 1 = Absence of sovereignty
28 2 = Absent
14 3 = Relatives of executive
2 4 = Favorites of executive
- 5 = Secret society
13 6 = Subordinate groups
3 7 = Hereditary
23 8 = Subordinate functionaries
89. JUDICIARY
3 . = Missing data
103 1 = Absent
6 2 = Not local
49 3 = Executive
23 4 = Appointed by executive
1 5 = Priesthood
1 6 = Hereditary
90. POLICE
6 . = Missing data
124 1 = Not specialized
4 2 = Incipient specialization
4 3 = Retainers of chiefs
6 4 = Military
42 5 = Specialized
91. ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY
3 . = Missing data
98 1 = Absent
7 2 = Popular Assemblies
8 3 = Heads of kin groups
38 4 = Heads of decentralized territorial divisions
31 5 = Heads of centralized territorial divisions
1 6 = Part of centralized system
93. POLITICAL POWER- MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
3 . = Missing data
90 0 = Direct subsistence production
11 1 = Warfare wealth
3 2 = Tribute or taxes
13 3 = Slaves
20 4 = Contributions of free citizens
12 5 = Large land-holdings
14 6 = Political office
6 7 = Foreign Commerce
11 8 = Capitalistic enterprises
3 9 = Priestly services
DIVISION OF LABOR
Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the Division
of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. ETHNOLOGY 12:203-225.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
FOOD COLLECTION
99. VEGETAL
100. EGGS, INSECTS, AND/OR SMALL LAND FAUNA
101. SHELLFISH/SMALL AQUATIC FAUNA
102. HONEY
103. FOWLING
104. FISHING
105. TRAPPING
106. LARGE LAND FAUNA
107. LARGE AQUATIC FAUNA
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
. = Task Present, sex ? 34 48 22 20 2 10 1 0 2
-1 = No data on task 7 53 24 80 29 4 15 6 9
0 = Task absent 10 18 85 38 16 29 20 36 129
1 = Males exclusively 6 27 11 39 131 83 136 139 48
2 = Males predominantly 4 3 4 5 5 45 12 5 0
3 = Equally 18 9 1 2 3 8 1 0 0
4 = Females predominant 42 13 12 0 0 5 1 0 0
5 = Females exclusively 65 15 27 2 0 2 0 0 0
FOOD PRODUCTION
108. LAND CLEARANCE
109. SOIL PREPARATION
110. PLANTING
111. CROP TENDING
112. HARVESTING
113. SMALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS
114. LARGE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
115. MILKING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
. = Task Present, sex ? 1 1 0 3 0 70 10 10
-1 = No data on task 2 2 1 4 1 6 2 1
0 = Task absent 44 49 44 48 44 13 76 127
1 = Males exclusively 95 66 27 22 10 19 54 15
2 = Males predominantly 34 27 35 23 37 8 24 2
3 = Equally 6 14 33 24 34 14 14 8
4 = Females predominantly 3 17 26 30 34 12 3 2
5 = Females exclusively 1 10 20 32 26 44 3 21
FOOD PREPARATION
116. VEGETAL
117. BUTCHERING
118. PRESERVATION
119. DRINKS
120. DAIRY
121. COOKING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
116 117 118 119 120 121
. = Task Present, sex ? 2 16 64 42 20 1
-1 = No data on task 8 19 25 16 8 1
0 = Task absent 2 8 31 37 130 0
1 = Males exclusively 3 122 18 15 4 0
2 = Males predominantly 1 9 2 3 0 2
3 = Equally 4 4 3 4 0 2
4 = Females predominantly 21 4 3 4 0 63
5 = Females exclusively 145 4 40 65 24 117
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
122. MINING/QUARRYING
123. FUEL GATHERING
124. LUMBERING
125. WATER FETCHING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
122 123 124 125
. = Task Present, sex ? 6 11 16 25
-1 = No data on task 39 7 17 1
0 = Task absent 106 1 14 0
1 = Males exclusively 31 25 135 4
2 = Males predominantly 1 12 4 4
3 = Equally 2 12 0 8
4 = Females predominantly 0 24 0 13
5 = Females exclusively 1 94 0 131
INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING
126. SKINS
127. SPINNING
128. LOOM WEAVING
129. SMELTING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
126 127 128 129
. = Task Present, sex ? 44 9 1 0
-1 = No data on task 13 30 16 24
0 = Task absent 48 56 81 125
1 = Males exclusively 39 7 24 37
2 = Males predominantly 4 3 0 0
3 = Equally 2 4 6 0
4 = Females predominantly 5 5 8 0
5 = Females exclusively 31 72 50 0
MANUFACTURING
130. MAT-MAKING
131. NET-MAKING
132. BASKET-MAKING
133. ROPE OR CORDAGE
134. LEATHER
135. CLOTHING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
130 131 132 133 134 135
. = Task Present, sex ? 31 45 19 56 32 5
-1 = No data on task 23 31 16 16 23 23
0 = Task absent 29 45 21 3 57 36
1 = Males exclusively 30 42 37 62 35 16
2 = Males predominantly 4 2 9 7 3 4
3 = Equally 9 5 15 18 2 11
4 = Females predominantly 5 1 18 5 5 13
5 = Females exclusively 55 15 51 19 29 78
MANUFACTURING (Cont.)
136. POTTERY
137. WOOD
138. BONE
139. STONE
140. METAL
141. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
136 137 138 139 140 141
. = Task Present, sex ? 6 17 44 31 0 74
-1 = No data on task 14 4 46 43 7 16
0 = Task absent 61 1 14 39 93 8
1 = Males exclusively 14 159 71 67 85 83
2 = Males predominantly 5 3 7 0 1 3
3 = Equally 6 1 2 6 0 1
4 = Females predominantly 6 1 0 0 0 0
5 = Females exclusively 74 0 2 0 0 1
MISCELLANEOUS
142. FIRE
143. LAUNDERING
144. BODILY MUTILATION
145. BONE-SETTING/SURGERY
146. BURDEN CARRYING
147. BOAT-BUILDING
148. HOUSE-BUILDING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
142 143 144 145 146 147 148
. = Task Present, sex ? 96 9 45 17 6 5 6
-1 = No data on task 1 59 22 88 31 11 1
0 = Task absent 3 52 13 37 3 79 1
1 = Males exclusively 40 5 36 34 18 84 105
2 = Males predominantly 6 0 4 6 12 3 30
3 = Equally 16 4 48 4 46 3 14
4 = Females predominant 4 8 6 0 34 0 9
5 = Females exclusively 20 49 12 0 36 1 20
CULTURAL COMPLEXITY
Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1971. Measurement of Cultural
Complexity. ETHNOLOGY 12:379-392.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
149. SCALE 1: WRITING AND RECORDS
73 1 = None
49 2 = Mnemonic devices
21 3 = Non-written records
12 4 = True writing; no records
31 5 = True writing; records
150. SCALE 2: FIXITY OF RESIDENCE
28 1 = Nomadic
21 2 = Semi-nomadic
20 3 = Semi-sedentary
15 4 = Sedentary; impermanent
102 5 = Sedentary
151. SCALE 3: AGRICULTURE
38 1 = None
17 2 = 10% food supply
11 3 = 10%; secondary
63 4 = Primary; not intensive
57 5 = Primary; intensive
152. SCALE 4: URBANIZATION
56 1 = fewer than 100 persons
43 2 = 100-199 persons
33 3 = 200-399 persons
30 4 = 400-999 persons
24 5 = 1000 persons
153. SCALE 5: TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION
39 1 = No pottery, looms, metalworking
27 2 = Pottery only
31 3 = Loom weaving but not metalworking
56 4 = Metalworking, weavers or potters absent
33 5 = Smiths, weavers, potters
154. SCALE 6: LAND TRANSPORT
108 1 = Human only
42 2 = Pack animals
14 3 = Draft animals
11 4 = Animal-drawn vehicles
11 5 = Automotive vehicles
155. SCALE 7: MONEY
77 1 = None
14 2 = Domestically usable articles
43 3 = Alien currency
27 4 = Elementary forms
25 5 = True money
156. SCALE 8: DENSITY OF POPULATION
58 1 = less than 1 person/square mile
25 2 = 1-5 persons/square mile
28 3 = 5.1-25 persons/square mile
35 4 = 26-100 persons/square mile
40 5 = 100 persons/square mile
157. SCALE 9: POLITICAL INTEGRATION
11 1 = None
72 2 = Autonomous local communities
46 3 = 1 level above community
28 4 = 2 levels above community
29 5 = 3 levels above community
158. SCALE 10: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
65 1 = Egalitarian
52 2 = Hereditary slavery
19 3 = 2 social classes, no castes/slavery
20 4 = 2 social classes, castes/slavery
30 5 = 3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery
SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES
Broude, Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty
Sexual Attitudes and Practices. ETHNOLOGY 15:409-429.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
165. PREMARITAL SEX ATTITUDES- FEMALE
56 . = Missing data
30 1 = Expected
28 2 = Tolerated
22 3 = Mildly disapproved
11 4 = Moderately disapproved
4 5 = Disallowed
35 6 = Strongly disapproved
166. FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX- MALE
84 . = Missing data
60 1 = Universal
18 2 = Moderate
11 3 = Occasional
13 4 = Uncommon
167. FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX- FEMALE
77 . = Missing data
51 1 = Universal
19 2 = Moderate
16 3 = Occasional
23 4 = Uncommon
169. EXTRAMARITAL SEX
77 . = Missing data
13 1 = Single standard- both allowed
48 2 = Double standard- husband only
24 3 = Double standard- both forbidden, women punished more
24 4 = Single standard- both condemned equally
172. WIFE-SHARING
83 . = Missing data
4 1 = For any reason
11 2 = Vis-à-vis specific group men
5 3 = Vis-à-vis specific man
7 4 = Occasionally for sex gratification
3 5 = For husband's economic benefit
11 6 = Aside from sex gratification
62 7 = None
CLIMATE DATA FROM WEATHER STATIONS
Whiting, John W. M. (New Codes: Not Previously Published)
These codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to
the time and place of each societal focus.
186. MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (EC)
99 = Missing data
-16 = Min
29 = Max
187. HOTTEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (EC)
99 = Missing data
3 = Min
46 = Max
188. COLDEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (EC)
99 = Missing data
-28 = Min
44 = Max
189. MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm)
99 = Missing data
0 = Min
4819 = Max
192. HIGHEST PRECIPITATION IN WETTEST MONTH (mm)
99 = Missing data
0 = Min
670 = Max
193. LOWEST PRECIPITATION IN DRIEST MONTH (mm)
99 = Missing data
0 = Min
295 = Max
196. NUMBER OF DRY MONTHS
99 = Missing data
76 0 = None
8 1 =
13 2 =
10 3 =
19 4 =
13 5 =
15 6 =
10 7 =
8 8 =
1 9 =
3 10 =
1 11 =
9 12 =
199. NUMBER OF FROST MONTHS
99 = Missing data
158 0 = None
1 1 =
- 2 =
- 3 =
- 4 =
1 5 =
1 6 =
7 7 =
3 8 =
6 9 =
2 10 =
5 11 =
2 12 =
ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS PART 1
Murdock, George P. 1962-1971. Serial Installments in ETHNOLOGY.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
200. REGION
28 1 = Africa Exclusive of Madagascar and the Sahara
28 2 = Circum-Mediterranean North Africa, Europe, Turkey,
Caucasus, Semitic Near East
34 3 = East Eurasia including Madagascar and Islands in Indian Ocean
31 4 = Insular Pacific including Australia, Indonesia, Formosa,
Philippines
33 5 = North America indigenous societies to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
32 6 = South America including Antilles, Yucatan, Central America
208. MODE OF MARRIAGE
0 99 = Missing data
71 1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's family
24 2 = Bride-Service, to bride's family
16 3 = Token Bride-price
15 4 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal
9 5 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride
42 6 = Absence of Consideration
9 7 = Dowry, to bride from her family
146 9 = No Alternative
221. LARGEST PATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
223. LARGEST MATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
Patrilineal Matrilineal
Lrgst Exog. Lrgst Exog.
. = Missing Data 1 1
1 = None 104 144
2 = Exogamous Group 0 3
3 = Lineages in a Single Community 18 7
4 = Sibs (Lineages in Mult.i Communities) 42 15
5 = Phratries (Maximally Extended Sibs) 15 5
6 = Moieties 6 11
225. COGNATIC KIN GROUPS
1 99 = Missing Data
48 1 = Bilateral descent
27 2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin-groups
0 3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages
7 4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups
2 5 = Exogamous ramages
4 6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent
97 9 = Unilineal descent groups
238. HIGH GODS: Defined as a spiritual being who is believed to have
created all reality and/or to be its ultimate governor, even though
his/her sole act was to create other spirits who, in turn, created
or control the natural world.
18 . = Missing data
68 1 = Absent or not reported
47 2 = Present but not active in human affairs
13 3 = Present and active in human affairs but not supportive
of human morality
40 4 = Present, active, and specifically supportive of human morality
239. GAMES: The code below can also be expressed in a semi-order or
partial Guttman scale, as there are five latent classes or dominant
scale types: for P C S, these
are - - - + - - + + - + - + + + +
14 . = Missing data
12 1 = None of the three types
64 2 = Physical skill
1 3 = Chance
4 4 = Strategy
47 5 = Skill and chance
22 6 = Skill and strategy
0 7 = Chance and strategy
22 8 = All
241. MALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
5 . = Missing data
131 0 = Absent
5 1 = Within first two months after birth
1 2 = Two months to two years
5 3 = Two to five years
16 4 = Six to ten years
17 5 = 11 to 15 years
2 6 = 16 to 25 years
0 7 = 25 to 50 years
1 8 = After 50 years
3 9 = Normal age unclear
242. SEGREGATION OF ADOLESCENT BOYS
29 . = Missing data
108 1 = Absence
19 2 = Partial
8 3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family
4 4 = Complete, with non-relatives
18 5 = Complete, with peers
RULE OR PRACTICE FOR INHERITANCE
278. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY (LAND)
279. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
278 279
Land Movables
. = Missing data 31 34
1 = Absence of individual property rights or rules 59 21
2 = Matrilineal (sister's sons) 4 5
3 = Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 9 9
4 = Children, with daughters receiving less 12 14
5 = Children, equally for both sexes 9 22
6 = Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 8 9
7 = Patrilineal (sons) 54 72
DISTRIBUTION OF INHERITANCE AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF SAME CATEGORY
280. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY
281. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
280 281
Land Movables
99 = Missing data or absence of rights 91 55
1 = Equal or relatively equal 54 86
2 = Exclusively or predominantly to the one adjudged
best qualified
6 6
3 = Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual) 4 5
4 = Primogeniture (to the senior individual) 28 27
9 = Missing data Note: Change 9 to 99 3 7
285. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: WALL MATERIAL
65 . = Missing data
12 1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
19 2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
33 3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
1 4 = Bark
1 5 = Hides or skin
6 6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
17 7 = Mats, latticework, or wattle
14 8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
17 9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
0 10)= Open walls, including temporary screens
*)= Walls indistinguishable from roof
* Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
287. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: ROOFING MATERIALS
10 . = Missing data
2 1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
3 2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
10 3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
6 4 = Bark
5 5 = Hides or skin
5 6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabric
9 7 = Mats
118 &nb