TRADE AS FOOD SOURCE
1 = No Trade"
2 = Food Imports absent; trade present
3 = Salt or Minerals only
4 = <10% of food
5 = < 50% of food, less than any single local source
6 = < 50% of food, more than any single local source
7 = > 50% of food
99 = Missing

FOOD IMPORT
1 = Direct individual exchanges
2 = Indirect individual exchanges
3 = Local markets
4 = Middlemen
5 = Three or four of above
99 = Missing

AGRICULTURAL
1 = None
2 = Non-food Crops
3 = < 10%
4 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
5 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
6 = Primarily agricultural

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
1 = None
2 = Present, not food source
3 = < 10% food supply
4 = < 50% - chiefly meat
5 = < 50% - chiefly dairy
6 = < 50% - chiefly honey
7 = > 50%

FISHING
1 = None
2 = < 10% food supply
3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
5 = > 50%
99 = Missing

TRANSPORT OF FOOD
1 = Human Carriers, incl. tumpline
2 = Pack Animals
3 = Draft Animals (sleds, travois)
4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles
5 = Motorized vehicles
99 = Missing

WATER TRANSPORT
1 = None, but feasible
2 = Not feasible
3 = Floats or rafts
4 = Human powered craft
5 = Sail powered craft
6 = Motorized craft
99 = Missing

MONEY AND CREDIT
1 = No media of exchange or money
2 = Domestically usable articles as media of exchange
3 = Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange
4 = Foreign coinage or paper currency
5 = Indigenous coinage or paper currency
99 = Missing

CREDIT SOURCE
1 = Personal loans between friends or relatives
2 = Internal money lending specialists
3 = External money lending specialists
5 = Banks or comparable institutions
99 = Missing

FOOD STORAGE
1 = None
2 = Individual households
3 = Communal facilities
4 = Political agent controlled repositories
5 = Economic agent controlled repositories
99 = Missing

FOOD SURPLUS BY STORAGE
1 = None or barely adequate
2 = Simple or adequate
3 = Complex or More than adequate
99 = Missing

SLEEPING PROXIMITY PARENTS-INFANT
1 = Mo and Fa different room than infant
2 = Mo same room (not bed), Fa different room
3 = Mo same room (not bed), Fa unspecified
4 = Mo same room (not bed), Fa different bed
5 = Mo, Fa same room, beds not specified
6 = Mo same bed, Fa different room
7 = Mo same bed, Fa not specified
8 = Mo same bed, Fa same room
9 = Mo and Fa in same bed as infant
99 = Missing Data

BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS-EARLY INFANCY
1 = None except emergency
2 = Loose confinement, Tether or playpen
3 = Limited space, Bed or hammock
4 = Movement limited, Swaddling, heavy blankets
5 = Often Bound, Cradle Board
99 = Missing Data

BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS-LATER INFANCY
1 = None except in emergency
2 = Loose confinement, Tether or playpen
3 = Limited space, Bed or hammock
4 = Movement limited, Swaddling, heavy blankets
5 = Often Bound, Cradle Board
99 = Missing Data

BODILY CONTACT-EARLY INFANCY
1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
2 = Occasionally
3 = Up to 1/2 time
4 = > 1/2 time
5 = Almost Constantly
99 = Missing Data

INFANT CRYING-RESPONSE
1 = Indifferent or punitive
2 = Slow or perfunctory, nurturant
3 = Speedy but inconsistently nurturant
4 = Generally speedy, nurturant
5 = Always speedy, nurturant
99 = Missing Data

INFANT CRYING-AMOUNT
1 = Very Infrequent and brief
2 = Infrequent and short
3 = Infrequent and prolonged
4 = Frequent and short
5 = Frequent and prolonged
99 = Missing Data

CHILDHOOD PAIN INFLICTION
1 = Absent
2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain
3 = Occasional mild pain
4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain
5 = Frequent pain
6 = Very painful
99 = Missing Data

POSTPARTUM SEX TABOO
1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth
2 = None
3 = 1 month or less
4 = 6 months or less
5 = 1 year or less
6 = 2 years or less
7 = > 2 years
99 = Missing data

CEREMONIALISM SURROUNDING CHILD, BEYOND NUCLEAR FAMILY
1 = None
2 = Only within first 2 months
3 = One occasion at later age
4 = Two or more ceremonies
5 = Prominent
99 = Missing Data

MAGICAL PROTECTIVENESS APPLIED TO PARENTS AND CHILD
1 = None
2 = Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade
3 = Slight, neonatally and later
4 = Moderate, neonatally and later
5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later
99 = Missing Data

PHYSICAL PROTECTIVENESS AGAINST CHILDHOOD ILLNESS
1 = No special effort
2 = Slight
3 = Moderate, e.g., regular baths
4 = Some exceptional techniques: medicines, ointments, diapers
5 = Variety of exceptional techniques
99 = Missing Data

WEANING-AGE AND SEVERITY
1 = > 2 years and gentle
2 = > 2 years and severe
3 = > 1 year and gentle
4 = > 1 year and severe
5 = > 6 months and gentle
6 = > 6 months and severe
7 = < 6 months and gentle
8 = < 6 months and severe
99 = Missing Date

MOTOR SKILLS-ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
1 = Discourage or punish early development
2 = Ignore development
3 = No active assistance, but attention given
4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards
5 = Strong Encouragement and assistance
99 = Missing Data

AUTONOMY-ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
1 = > 4 years and gradual
2 = > 4 years and abrupt
3 = 2-4 years and gradual
4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual
5 = < 2 years and abrupt
99 = Missing Data

ELIMINATION-ENCOURAGE. OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD
0 = None
1 = 3-5 years
2 = > 18 months
3 = > 1 year
4 = > 6 months
5 = < 6 months

COVERING GENITALS-AGE
0 = Even adults uncovered
1 = Very late
2 = Late
3 = > 1 year
4 = < 6 months
5 = After birth

WEANING-AGE OF ONSET
1 = up to 12 months
2 = 13 - 20 months
3 = 21 - 24
4 = 25 - 30
5 = 31 - 36
6 = 37 - 42
7 = 43 - 48
8 = 49 - 60
9 = 61 - 72
99 = Missing Data

WEANING-AGE OF TERMINATION
1 = up to 12 months
2 = 13 - 20
3 = 21 - 24
4 = 25 - 30
5 = 31 - 36
6 = 37 - 42
7 = 43 - 48
8 = 49 - 60
9 = 61 - 72 months
99 = Missing Data

NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY
1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
2 = Principally Mother, others minor roles
3 = Principally Mother, others important roles
4 = Mother < 1/2 care
5 = Mother minor but significant
6 = Mother minimal except for nursing
99 = Missing Data

NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, E. CHILDHOOD
1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
2 = Principally Mother, others important roles
3 = Mother < 1/2 care
4 = Primarily others
5 = Exclusively others
99 = Missing Data

ROLE OF FATHER, INFANCY
1 = Distant
2 = Rarely close
3 = Occasionally close
4 = Frequently close
5 = Regularly close
99 = Missing Data

ROLE OF FATHER, EARLY CHILDHOOD
1 = Distant
2 = Rarely Close
3 = Occasionally Close
4 = Frequently Close
5 = Regularly Close
99 = Missing Data

PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY CARETAKERS, COMPANIONS
1 = Children, Females
2 = Children, unspecified
3 = Children, both sexes
4 = Adult Family, Females
5 = Adult Family, unspecified
6 = Adult Family, both sexes
7 = Others, Female
9 = Others, both sexes
99 = Missing Data

GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY
1 = Severe or neglectful
2 = Lesser severity
3 = Occasional indulgence
4 = Greater
5 = Highly affectionate
99 = Missing Data

GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY-MODIFIERS GENERAL SCALE TYPES
1 = Low in category
2 = Medium in category
3 = High in category
99 = Missing Data

GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD
1 = Severe
2 = Less Severity
3 = Occasional Severity
4 = Greater Leniency
5 = Consistently Lenient
99 = Missing Data

GENERAL INDULGENCE, E. CHILD.-MODIFIERS GENERAL SCALE TYPES
1 = Low in Category
2 = Medium in Category
3 = High in Category
99 = Missing Data

PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, E. CHILD CARETAKERS, COMPANIONS
1 = Peer Group, single sex
2 = Peer Group, unspecified
3 = Peer Group, both sexes
4 = Older Children, single sex
5 = Older Children, unspecified
6 = Older Children, both sexes
7 = Adults, single sex
8 = Adults, both sexes
99 = Missing Data

FIXITY OF SETTLEMENT
1 = Migratory
2 = Seminomadic-fixed then migratory
3 = Rotating among 2+ fixed
4 = Semisedentary- fixed core, some migratory
5 = Impermanent- periodically moved
6 = Permanent

COMPACTNESS OF SETTLEMENT
1 = Dispersed
2 = Spatially separated subsettlements
3 = Partially dispersed with central core
4 = Compact

COMMUNITY SIZE
1 = < 50
2 = 50-99
3 = 100-199
4 = 200-399
5 = 400-999
6 = 1,000-4,999
7 = 5,000-49,999
8 = > 50,000
99 = Missing Data

POPULATION DENSITY
1 = < 1 person per 5 sq. mile
2 = 1 person per 1-5 sq. mile
3 = 1-5 persons per sq. mile
4 = 1-25persons per sq. mile
5 = 26-100 persons per sq. mile
6 = 101-500 persons per sq. mile
7 = over 500 persons per sq. mile
99 = Missing Data

TYPES OF DWELLING
1 = Conical
2 = Beehive
3 = Dome or hemispherical
4 = Wedge-shape roof
5 = Semicylindrical
6 = Cone-cylinder
7 = Rectangular on ground, vegetal material walls
8 = Rectangular on piles
9 = Rectangular on ground, mineral material walls
10 = Flat roofs
11 = Caves or rock shelters
12 = Tents
13 = Semisubterranean
14 = Miscellaneous
99 = Missing Data

LARGE OR IMPRESSIVE STRUCTURES
1 = None
2 = Residences of influential individuals
3 = Secular or public building(s)
4 = Religious or ceremonial building(s)
5 = Military structure(s)
6 = Economic or industrial building(s)

HOUSEHOLD FORM
1 = Large communal structures
2 = Multi-family dwellings
3 = Single family dwellings
4 = Family homestead
5 = Multi-dwelling households, each with married pair
6 = Multi-dwelling households, husband rotates among wives
7 = Mother-child households, husbands separate
8 = Multi-dwelling hshlds, each occupied by indiv. marr. M or W

FORM OF FAMILY (SEE 79, 80)
1 = Monogamous, no polygyny
2 = Monogamous, < 20% polygyny
3 = Polygynous, > 20%
4 = Polyandrous
5 = Stem family, monogamy
6 = Stem family, < 20% polygyny
7 = Small extended, monogamy
8 = Small extended, < 20% polygyny
9 = Small extended, > 20% polygyny
10 = Large extended, monogamy
11 = Large extended, < 20% polygyny
12 = Large extended, > 20% polygyny

MARITAL RESIDENCE
1 = Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin
2 = Avunculocal - with husband's mother's brother's kin
3 = Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin
4 = Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin
5 = Neolocal - separate from kin
99 = Missing data

DESCENT-MEMBERSHIP IN CORPORATE KINSHIP GROUPS
1 = Matrilineal - through female line
2 = Double descent separately through male and female lines
3 = Patrilineal - through male line
4 = Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation
5 = Bilateral - not a corporate kin group

DESCENT GROUPS, LOCATION CORE GENDER GROUP
0 = None - Bilateral
1 = Localized lineages in community, more than one per community
2 = Clan communities: core group and spouses make up community
3 = Dispersed sibs: core group dispersed in different comm.

INTERCOMMUNITY MARRIAGE
1 = Local endogamy 90-100%
2 = Local endogamy 61-89% (agamous)
3 = Local endogamy 40-60% (agamous)
4 = Local endogamy 11-39% (agamous)
5 = Local endogamy0-10% (exogamy)
99 = Missing data

COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
1 = Lacking/low compared to community segments or larger polity
2 = By common residence only
3 = Common Identity, dialect, subculture
4 = Overlapping Kin ties
5 = Common social or economic status
6 = Common political ties
7 = Common religious ties

PROMINENT COMMUNITY CEREMONIALS
1 = Rites of passage
2 = Calendrical
3 = Magical or religious
4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended

CEREMONIAL ELEMENTS
1 = Feasting and/or drinking
2 = Exchanges other than food
3 = Entertainment
4 = Sacrifice other than human
5 = Human sacrifice
6 = Masochistic behavior

COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP
1 = No centralized local leadership
2 = Higher level only
3 = Single local leader
4 = Dual/plural headmen
5 = Single local leader and council
6 = Local councils
7 = Single local leader and subordinates
8 = Too complex to be coded

LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, PRIMARY
1 = No headman or council
2 = By appointment
3 = Seniority
4 = Divination
5 = Informal consensus
6 = Electoral process
7 = Patrilineal
8 = Matrilineal
9 = Hereditary with personal qualifications
99 = Missing data

LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, SECONDARY
1 = No headman or council
2 = By appointment
3 = Seniority
4 = Divination
5 = Informal consensus
6 = Electoral process
7 = Patrilineal
99 = Missing Data

POLYGAMY (see 68)
1 = Polyandry - primarily monogamous-some plural husbands
2 = Monogamy
3 = Polygyny < 20% (if more frequent than polyandry)
4 = Polygyny > 20% (if more frequent than polyandry)

FAMILY SIZE
1 = Nuclear Monogamous
2 = Nuclear Polygynous
3 = Stem Family
4 = Small extended
5 = Large extended

LEVELS OF SOVEREIGNTY
1 = Stateless society
2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up
3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up
4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level
99 = Missing data

HIGHER POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
1 = Absent
2 = Peace group
3 = Alliances
4 = Confederation
5 = International organization
99 = Missing data

ADVISORY BODIES
1 = Absence of sovereignty
2 = Absent
3 = Relatives of executive
4 = Favorites of executive
5 = Secret society
6 = Subordinate groups
7 = Hereditary
8 = Subordinate functionaries
99 = Missing data

JUDICIARY
1 = Absent
2 = Not local
3 = Executive
4 = Appointed by executive
5 = Priesthood
6 = Hereditary
99 = Missing data

POLICE
1 = Not specialized
2 = Incipient specialization
3 = Retainers of chiefs
4 = Military
5 = Specialized
99 = Missing data

ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY
1 = Absent
2 = Popular Assemblies
3 = Heads of kin groups
4 = Heads of decentralized territorial divisions
5 = Heads of centralized territorial divisions
6 = Part of centralized system
99 = Missing data

POLITICAL POWER-MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
0 = Direct subsistence production
1 = Warfare wealth
2 = Tribute or taxes
3 = Slaves
4 = Contributions of free citizens
5 = Large land-holdings
6 = Political office
7 = Foreign Commerce
8 = Capitalistic enterprises
9 = Priestly services
99 = Missing data

FOOD COLLECTION-VEGETAL
-2 = Task Present, sex ?
-1 = No data on task
0 = Task absent
1 = Males exclusively
2 = Males predominantly
3 = Equally
4 = Females predominant
5 = Females exclusively

SCALE 1-WRITING AND RECORDS
1 = None
2 = Mnemonic devices
3 = Nonwritten records
4 = True writing; no records
5 = True writing; records

SCALE 2-FIXITY OF RESIDENCE
1 = Nomadic
2 = Seminomadic
3 = Semisedentary
4 = Sedentary; impermanent
5 = Sedentary

SCALE 3-AGRICULTURE
1 = None
2 = 10% food supply
3 = 10%; secondary
4 = Primary; not intensive
5 = Primary; intensive

SCALE 4-URBANIZATION
1 = fewer than 100 persons
2 = 100-199 persons
3 = 200-399 persons
4 = 400-999 persons
5 = 1000 persons

SCALE 5-TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION
1 = No pottery, looms, metalworking
2 = Pottery only
3 = Loom weaving but not metalworking
4 = Metalworking, weavers or potters absent
5 = Smiths, weavers, potters

SCALE 6-LAND TRANSPORT
1 = Human only
2 = Pack animals
3 = Draft animals
4 = Animal-drawn vehicles
5 = Automotive vehicles

SCALE 7-MONEY
1 = None
2 = Domestically usable articles
3 = Alien currency
4 = Elementary forms
5 = True money

SCALE 8-DENSITY OF POPULATION
1 = less than 1 person/square mile
2 = 1-5 persons/square mile
3 = 5.1-25 persons/square mile
4 = 26-100 persons/square mile
5 = 100 persons/square mile

SCALE 9-POLITICAL INTEGRATION
1 = None
2 = Autonomous local communities
3 = 1 level above community
4 = 2 levels above community
5 = 3 levels above community

SCALE 10-SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1 = Egalitarian
2 = Hereditary slavery
3 = 2 social classes, no castes/slavery
4 = 2 social classes, castes/slavery
5 = 3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery

PREMARITAL SEX ATTITUDES-FEMALE
1 = Expected
2 = Tolerated
3 = Mildly disapproved
4 = Moderately disapproved
5 = Disallowed
6 = Strongly disapproved
99 = Missing data

FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX-MALE
1 = Universal
2 = Moderate
3 = Occasional
4 = Uncommon
99 = Missing data

EXTRAMARITAL SEX
1 = Single standard-both allowed
2 = Double standard-husband only
3 = Double standard-both forbidden, women punished more
4 = Single standard-both condemned equally
99 = Missing data

WIFESHARING
1 = For any reason
2 = Vis-a-vis specific group men
3 = Vis-a-vis specific man
4 = Occasionally for sex gratification
5 = For husband's economic benefit
6 = Aside from sex gratification
7 = None
99 = Missing data

MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (øC)
-16 = Min
29 = Max
99 = Missing data

HOTTEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (øC)
3 = Min
46 = Max
99 = Missing data

COLDEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (øC)
-28 = Min
44 = Max
99 = Missing data

MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm)
-9 = Missing data
0 = Min
4819 = Max

HIGHEST PRECIP. WETTEST MONTH (mm)
-9 = Missing data
0 = Min
670 = Max

LOWEST PRECIP. DRYEST MONTH (mm)
-9 = Missing data
0 = Min
295 = Max

NUMBER OF DRY MONTHS
-9 = Missing data
0 = None

REGION
1 = AFRICA, excl. Madagascar and the Sahara
2 = CIRCUM-MEDITERRANEAN
3 = EAST EURASIA, Madagascar, Indian Ocean
4 = INSULAR PACIFIC w/ Austral., Indon., Formosa, Philipp.
5 = NORTH AMERICA--to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
6 = SOUTH AMERICA--Antilles, Yucatan, Central America

MODE OF MARRIAGE
1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's family
2 = Bride-Service, to bride's family
3 = Token Bride-price
4 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal
5 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride
6 = Absence of Consideration
7 = Dowry, to bride from her family
9 = No Alternative
99 = Missing data

LARGEST PATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
1 = None
2 = Exogamous Group
3 = Lineages in a Single Community
4 = Sibs (Lineages in Mult. Comm.)
5 = Phratries (Maximally Extended Sibs)
6 = Moieties
7 = No Difference
99 = Missing Data

COGNATIC KIN GROUPS
1 = Bilateral descent
2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin-groups
3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages
4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups
5 = Exogamous ramages
6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent
9 = Unilineal descent groups
99 = Missing Data

HIGH GODS
1 = Absent or not reported
2 = Present but not active in human affairs
3 = Present/active, not specific. supportive human morality
4 = Present, active, specific. supportive of human morality
99 = Missing data

GAMES
1 = None of the three types
2 = Physical skill
3 = Chance
4 = Strategy
5 = Skill and chance
6 = Skill and strategy
7 = Chance and strategy
8 = All
99 = Missing data

MALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
0 = Absent
1 = Within first two months after birth
2 = Two months to two years
3 = Two to five years
4 = Six to ten years
5 = 11 to 15 years
6 = 16 to 25 years
7 = 25 to 50 years
8 = After 50 years
9 = Normal age unclear
99 = Missing data

SEGREGATION OF ADOLESCENT BOYS
1 = Absence
2 = Partial
3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family
4 = Complete, with non-relatives
5 = Complete, with peers
99 = Missing data

INHERITANCE: REAL PROPERTY
1 = Absence of individual property rights or rules
2 = Matrilineal (sister's sons)
3 = Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers)
4 = Children, with daughters receiving less
5 = Children, equally for both sexes
6 = Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers)
7 = Patrilineal (sons)
99 = Missing data

INHERITANCE: MOVABLE PROPERTY
1 = Equal or relatively equal
2 = Exclusively/predominantly to the one judged best qualified
3 = Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual)
4 = Primogeniture (to the senior individual)
99 = Missing data or absence of rights (#1 above)

PREVAILING DWELLING: WALL MAT'L
1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
4 = Bark
5 = Hides or skin
6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
7 = Mats, latticework, or wattle
8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
99 = Missing data

PREVAILING DWELLING: ROOF MAT'L.
1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
4 = Bark
5 = Hides or skin
6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabric
7 = Mats
8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
9 = Earth or turf, Ice or snow
99 = Missing data

FORTITUDE: EARLY BOY
0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait
5 = moderately strong inculcation
9 = strong inculcation
10 = extremely strong inculcation
99 = Missing data

Sex of Parental Educators: Early Boys
1 = Male exclusively
2 = Male predominantly
3 = Both sexes equally
4 = Female predominantly
5 = Female exclusively
99 = Missing data

Use of Example: Early Boys
2 = Children's activities differ from adults
5 = Children are expected to do things by example
8 = Children frequently shown example
9 = Examplemost important method of education
99 = Missing data

Teasing: Early Boys
2 = Teasing absent
9 = Teasing prevalent
99 = Missing data

Scolding: Early Boys
0 = Scolding absent
9 = Harsh scolding
99 = Missing data

Warning: Early Boys
0 = Warnings absent
9 = Warnings prevalent
99 = Missing data

Corporal Punishment: Early Boys
0 = Punishment absent
9 = Harsh Punishment
99 = Missing data

Ceremonies for Children: Early Boys
0 = Ceremonies absent
8 = Ceremonies Prevalent
99 = Missing data

Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Boys
2 = No material rewards for appr. behavior.
8 = Material rewards for approved behaviors
99 = Missing data

Permissiveness: Early Boys
0 = Harsh socialization severe punishment
2 = Generally harsh treatment, not extreme
5 = Generally moderate/balanced harshness & permissiveness
8 = Generally indulgent, not extreme
9 = Generally lenient and indulgent
99 = Missing data

Affection: Early Boys
0 = Min. express of affection, attention, positive interest
2 = Generally low expression of affection and attention
5 = Moderate or sporadic expression of affection and attention
8 = Consistent, occasional strong expression
99 = Missing data

Evaluation by Society: Early Boys
0 = Children viewed indifferently/as liability by society
2 = Only slight, sporadic expression of valuation of children
5 = Moderate/occasionally strong express. of value
8 = Strong, but no extreme valuation of children
9 = Intense, repeated expression of valuation of children
99 = Missing data

Initiation Ceremony Occurrence: Boys
0 = Absent for both boys and girls
1 = Absent for specified sex only
2 = Present
99 = Missing data

Time of Initiation Ceremony: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Before genital maturation
3 = At first signs of genital maturation
4 = At genital maturation
5 = Within one year after genital maturation
6 = Later (up to 18 years)
99 = Missing data

Number of Concurrent Initiates: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Single
3 = Small group
4 = Large group
99 = Missing data

Duration of Ceremony: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Short
3 = Medium
4 = Long
99 = Missing data

Number of Participants: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Immediate family
3 = Local group
4 = Large group
99 = Missing data

Sexes of Participants: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Both sexes
3 = Partially limited to same sex as initiates
4 = Exclusively same sex as initiates
99 = Missing data

Primary Physical Components: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Manipulations or activities
4 = Pain other than genital operation
5 = Genital operation
6 = Genital operation and other pain
99 = Missing data

Secondary Physical Components: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Neither manipulations nor activities
3 = Activities
4 = Manipulation
5 = Both manipulations and activities
99 = Missing data

Primary Cognitive.or Performance Components: B
0 = Absent
2 = Symbolic only
3 = Learning skills, sharing secrets, or other
4 = Observing taboos
5 = Seclusion
6 = Both seclusion and observing taboos
7 = Fear
99 = Missing data

Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: B
0 = Absent
2 = Neither learning skills nor sharing secret
3 = Sharing secrets
4 = Learning skills
5 = Both learning skills and sharing secrets
99 = Missing data

Primary Emic Interpretations: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Status marker, physical change, or behavior change
4 = Spiritual change
5 = Death-rebirth
99 = Missing data

Secondary Emic Interpretations: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = No status marker
3 = General status marker
4 = Status marker for adolescence or youth
5 = Status marker for full adulthood
99 = Missing data

Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Neither physical nor behavior change
3 = Behavior change
4 = Physical change
5 = Both physical and behavior change
99 = Missing data

Primary Social Consequences: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Familial integration, familial independence, or other
4 = Heterosexual intercourse
5 = Same-sex bonding
6 = Both same-sex bonding and heterosexual intercourse
99 = Missing data

Secondary Social Consequences: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Other
4 = Familial independence
5 = Familial integration
99 = Missing data

Principal Focus: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Fertility
3 = Sexuality
4 = Valor
5 = Wisdom
6 = Responsibility
7 = Other
99 = Missing data

Menarcheal Ceremonies
1 = Absent if menarche not marked by special public ritual
2 = Present if menarche marked by elaborate or limited rites
99 = Missing data

Circumcision
1 = Superincision, or subincision, or absent
2 = Circumcision
99 = Missing data

Maternal Restrictions
1 = Absent
2 = Present
99 = Missing Data

Husband Involvement Scale (Couvade)
1 = Minor Observance or informal
2 = Seclusion, or postpartum work taboo, or food taboo
99 = Missing Data

Menstrual Segregation
1 = Absent
2 = Present (menstrual hut/structural isolation reported)
99 = Missing data

Male Segregation Practices
1 = Absent or Minor
2 = Present
99 = Missing data

Ritual Warfare
1 = Absent
2 = Present
99 = Missing data

Sex of Gods, Spirits, Other Supernatural Beings
1 = All male
2 = Male are more numerous or more powerful
3 = Male are more numerous power equal or male are more powerful
4 = Equal in numbers or power/women more numerous power equal/ w
99 = Missing data

Mythical Founders of the Culture
1 = All male
2 = Both sexes, but the role of men more important
3 = Both sexes, and the role of both sexes fairly equal
4 = Both sexes, but female role more important, or solely female
99 = Missing Data

Sex of Shamans
1 = All male
2 = Male more numerous, or more powerful
3 = Male more numerous power equal/male more powerful numbers eq
4 = Female more powerful or more numerous/solely female shamans
99 = Missing Data

Sex of Reputed Witches
1 = All male
2 = Male predominance in numbers or power
3 = Both, and equal in numbers or power
4 = Females predominate in numbers or power/only female witches
99 = Missing Data

Participation in Collective Religious Ceremonies and Rituals
1 = Only males
2 = Both, but males more commonly or more prominently
3 = Both, and fairly equal participation
4 = Both, but women more prominent
99 = Missing Data

Funeral or Burial Ceremonies Held
1 = Only for males, or for both, but male more elaborate
2 = For both, and roughly equal
99 = Missing Data

Intermediate or Local Political Leaders
1 = Only males
2 = Both sexes, but males more numerous or more powerful
3 = Both sexes, males more numerous females equally powerful/ or
99 = Missing Data

Leadership Posts in Kinship or Extended Family Units
1 = Include men only
2 = Both, but men have more say and influence
3 = Both, with roughly equal influence
99 = Missing Data

Participation in Collective Fighting and Warfare
1 = Only men
2 = Both, but men do most fighting, women only aid
99 = Missing Data

Proportional Contribution of Women to Overall Subsistence
1 = Low
8 = High
99 = Missing Data

Relative Time and Effort Expended on Subsistence Activities
1 = Men clearly expend more
2 = Men and women expend roughly equal
3 = Women clearly expend more
99 = Missing Data

Community-wide Exclusively Male Work Groups
1 = None
2 = For one activity
3 = For two or more activities
99 = Missing Data

Community-wide Exclusively Female Work Groups
1 = None
2 = For one or more activity
99 = Missing data

Degree of Segregation in Subsistence Activities
1 = Men and women are sharply segregated
2 = Some segregation
3 = Little or no segregation in these activities
99 = Missing Data

Inheritance of Property of Some Economic Value
1 = Only males, or males except in unusual circumstances
2 = Both, but males have definite preference
3 = Roughly equal inheritance rights by sex
4 = Female preference, or exclusive female rights
99 = Missing Data

Ownership or Control of the Use of Dwellings
1 = Solely by men
2 = Most owned by men
3 = Equal ownership, or no preferential rights
4 = Most or all owned or controlled by women
99 = Missing Data

Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Men
1 = Men have virtually total say
2 = Men have predominant say, or no indication of preference
3 = Men and women have equal say
4 = Women have the predominant or total say
99 = Missing Data

Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done by Men and Women
1 = Men have virtually total say
2 = Men have the predominant say
3 = Men and women have equal say, or no indication of preference
4 = Women have the predominant or total say
99 = Missing Data

Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Women
1 = Men have virtually total say or predominant say
2 = Men and women have equal say
3 = Women have the predominant say, or no indication of preferen
4 = Women have virtually total say
99 = Missing Data

Domestic work
1 = Males do virtually none
2 = Males do some, but mostly done by females
99 = Missing Data

Double Standard in Regard to Premarital Sex
1 = Yes
2 = No, equal restrictions on male and female
99 = Missing Data

Double Standard in Regard to Extramarital Sex
1 = Yes
2 = No, equal restrictions
3 = Male punished more severely for transgression
99 = Missing Data

Extramarital Affairs of Married Women
1 = Not allowed, and apparently rare
2 = Not allowed, but apparently not uncommon
3 = Allowed, or very common
99 = Missing Data

Menstrual Taboos
1 = No menstrual taboos
2 = Rule vs. intercourse with menstruating woman
3 = Personal restrictions on menstruants, e.g., dietary
4 = Stated belief that menstrual blood is dangerous to men
5 = A rule that menstruating women may not cook for men
6 = Menstruating women are segregated from ment
7 = Menstruating women may not have contact with some male thing
99 = Missing Data

The Role of Men and Women in Procreation Understood
1 = Men are thought to play the more important role
2 = Belief in roughly equal contributions, or no evidence of gre
3 = Women are thought to play the more important role
99 = Missing Data

Sexual Drives and Urges Understood
1 = Men are thought to have stronger urges
2 = Belief that urges are roughly equal, or no evidence of belie
3 = Women are thought to have stronger urges
99 = Missing Data

An Explicit View that Sexual Activity is Dangerous or Contaminating
1 = Yes
2 = No
99 = Missing Data

Role of the Older Generation in Arranging Marriages (1st Marriages Only)
1 = Males monopolize arrangement
2 = Both males and females participate, males have more say
3 = Both participate, and with roughly equal say
4 = Both males and females participate, females have more say
99 = Missing Data

Voice of the Potential Bride and Groom in Marriage Decisions
1 = Only the groom can initiate or refuse a match
2 = Groom has more ability to initiate or refuse
3 = Equal ability to initiate or refuse a match
4 = Bride has more ability to initiate or refuse
99 = Missing Data

Marriage Payments
1 = Woman exchange
2 = Substantial bride price
3 = Bride service
4 = Token bride price
5 = Gift exchange
6 = Dowry
99 = Missing Data

Multiple Spouses
1 = Only for males
2 = For both, but more commonly for males
3 = For neither
4 = For both, but more commonly for females
99 = Missing Data

Relative Distances Moved at First Marriage
1 = The female moves farther away
2 = About equal distance
3 = The male moves farther away
99 = Missing Data

Relative Ease of Initiating Divorce
1 = Divorce is in theory only available to male
2 = Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult for female
3 = Divorce equally possible, no indication of bias
4 = Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult for male, o
99 = Missing Data

Relative Ease of Remarriage
1 = Possible for both, but fewer obstacles for men
2 = Equally possible for both men and women
99 = Missing Data

Average Relative Age at First Marriage
1 = Women generally older
2 = Ages about equal
3 = Men 1-2 years older
4 = Men 3-4 years older
5 = Men more than 4 years older
99 = Missing Data

Final Authority over the Care, Handling and Discipline of Infants
1 = monopolized by males, or males have more say
2 = is divided roughly equally
3 = is divided, but females have more say
4 = is monopolized by females
99 = Missing Data

Final Authority over the Upbringing and Discipline of Post-infant Unmarried Children Living in the Home
1 = is virtually monopolized by males
2 = is divided, but males have more say
3 = is divided roughly equally
4 = is divided but females have more say, or final say is virtua
99 = Missing Data

Wife to Husband Institutionalized Deference
1 = None of the following coded
2 = Husband dominates domestic decision making
3 = + Wife excluded from many social gatherings
4 = + Wife rarely disputes husband
5 = + Husband has seating priority
6 = + Wife kneels and bows when greeting husband
99 = Missing Data

Stated Preference for Children of One Sex
1 = For males
2 = Equal, no preference
3 = For females
99 = Missing Data

Any Evidence of Infanticide
1 = Mostly for females
2 = For both, or for neither
3 = Mostly for males
99 = Missing Data

Early Training for Adult Duties
1 = Boys trained earlier generally
2 = Training begins roughly equal ages, no stated bias by sex
3 = Girls are trained earlier generally
99 = Missing Data

Punishment for Equal Misbehavior
1 = Boys are punished more severely
2 = Punishment about equal, no stated bias by sex
3 = Girls are punished more severely
99 = Missing Data

Physical Punishment of the Spouse Condoned
1 = Only husband hitting wife generally
2 = Physical punishment by neither
3 = Either may hit the other, or only wife may hit husband
99 = Missing Data

Explicit View that Men Should and Do Dominate their Wives
1 = Yes
2 = No, evidence of rough equality
3 = No, evidence of wife dominance
99 = Missing Data

Attend. & Participat. in General Comm. Gathering
1 = Only men, or both, but men more often or more prominently
2 = Both equally, although perhaps segregated
99 = Missing Data

Existence General Female Initiation Ceremonies
1 = No initiations for females
2 = Customary minimal social recognition
3 = +Personal dramatization of the initiate
4 = +Organized social response
5 = +Affective social response (e. g. , punishment or operations
99 = Missing Data

Belief that Status of Women has Changed (Folklore or History)
1 = A belief it has declined
2 = No such belief, or no change
3 = A belief it has improved
99 = Missing Data

High Value Placed on Males being Aggressive, Strong, Sexually Potent
1 = Marked emphasis
2 = Moderate emphasis
3 = Little or no emphasis
99 = Missing Data

Belief that Women are Generally Inferior to Men
1 = Yes
2 = No such belief
99 = Missing Data

Women Have More Informal Influence than Formal Norms of the Society Would Make It Appear
1 = No such statement or implication
2 = A stated or implied: somewhat more informal influence
3 = A stated or implied: much more informal influence
99 = Missing Data

Property Control Scale
1 = Women have low control over property
4 = Women have high control over property
99 = Missing Data

Kin Power Scale
1 = Low power of women in kinship contexts
3 = High power of women in kinship contexts
99 = Missing Data

Value of Life Scale
1 = Low value placed on women's lives
3 = High value placed on women's lives
99 = Missing Data

Value of Labor
1 = Low value of women's labor
5 = High value of women's labor
99 = Missing Data

Domestic Authority Scale
1 = Low women's domestic authority
4 = High women's domestic authority
99 = Missing Data

Ritualized Female Solidarity Scale
1 = Low female solidarity
3 = High female solidarity
99 = Missing Data

Control of Sex Scale
1 = Stricter controls over women's marital and sexual lives
3 = More equal controls over women's marital and sexual lives
99 = Missing Data

Ritualized Fear Scale
1 = High ritualized fear of women
3 = Low ritualized fear of women
99 = Missing Data

Joint Participation Scale
1 = Low joint participation of men and women
3 = High joint participation of men and women
99 = Missing Data

Theories of Contagion
1 = Absence of such a cause
2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
3 = An important auxiliary cause
4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society
99 = Missing data

Female Power Guttman Scale
1 = all items absent
2 = flexible marriage mores only (657)
3 = plus female nondomestic production (658)
4 = plus demand for female produce (659)
5 = plus female economic control (660)
6 = plus female political participation
7 = plus female solidarity groups
99 = Missing data

Male Aggression Guttman Scale
1 = no items present (664)
2 = ideology of male toughness only (665)
3 = plus separate places for men (666)
4 = plus interpersonal violence (667)
5 = plus rape institutionalized or reported (668)
6 = plus taking wives from hostile groups (669)
99 = Missing data

Composite Male Dominance (663 plus 669): Lo Fem. Power, Hi Male Aggr.
1 = sexes `equal': fem power scale 5(+); male aggr scale 4(-)
2 = `mythical' male : fem power scale 5(+); male aggr scale 5(+)
3 = sexes `unequal': female power scale 4 or below
99 = Missing data

Menstrual Taboos (H16)
1 = no menstrual restrictions
2 = one restriction present
3 = two restrictions
4 = three
5 = four
6 = five
99 = Missing data

Male Avoidance of Female Sexuality (A11)
1 = none
2 = sexual intercourse prohibited during menstruation
3 = sexual intercourse prohibited at other times also
4 = men avoid or fear female genitals
99 = Missing data

Sex of Creative Agent, Ancestor, or Culture-Hero
1 = Female
2 = Sexless
3 = Couple
4 = Male
5 = Animal
6 = Supreme being or force
99 = Missing data

Origin of First Creator or Ancestor
1 = From within (`feminine')
2 = From within and without
3 = From without (`masculine')
4 = Void
99 = Missing data, or no information

Mode of First-Mentioned Creation
1 = From the body: Union and/or birth
2 = From the body: Self-propagation
3 = From other than the body
4 = Cannot be determined
99 = Missing data

Creation Stories (composite of 675 and 656, plus additional societies)
1 = feminine symbolism
2 = couple symbolism
3 = masculine symbolism
99 = Missing data

Food Stress or Hunger
1 = food constant
2 = occasional hunger or famine
3 = periodic or chronic hunger
4 = starvation or evidence of protein deficiency
99 = Missing data

Warfare or Fighting
1 = absent or occasional or periodical
2 = frequent or endemic
99 = Missing data

Freq. of Intercommunity Armed Conflict
1 = Past, supralocal, or absent
2 = Present and endemic local warfare
99 = Missing data

Male Initiation Ceremonies
1 = No initiation
2 = Minimal social recognition
3 = Personal dramatization of the initiate
4 = Organized social response
5 = Affective social response: beating, hazing or operations
99 = Missing data

Male Solidarity
1 = No institutionalized male solidarity
2 = Some male activ. protected by physical/normative barriers
3 = Ritualization given to this activity
4 = Definite ranking of men within this activity
5 = War training or planning a part of this activity
99 = Missing data

Crimes against Person Punished
1 = By person or group wronged
2 = By government action
99 = Missing data

Societal Complexity
1 = Absence of all traits in scale
2 = Crimes punished by government (704)
3 = Full-time specialized priests
4 = Formal education
5 = Written language
6 = Full-time bureaucrats (705)
99 = Missing data

Institutionalized Envy
1 = No items present
2 = One or two item present
3 = Three of four items present
99 = Missing data

Religion
1 = Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism)
2 = Mixture of classical and preclassical
3 = Preclassical
99 = Missing data

Sex Ratio
1 = Female excess
2 = Roughly equal
3 = Male excess
99 = Missing data

Systematic Absences of Married Males
1 = No systematic absences
2 = Systematic absences--within memory of present adults
3 = Systematic absences common presently
99 = Missing data

Sex of Coders
1 = Both male
2 = Male and female
3 = Both female
99 = Missing data

Sex of Authorities
1 = All males
2 = Mixed males and females
3 = All females
99 = Missing data

Occupation of Authorities
1 = No anthropologist
2 = Some anthropologists
3 = All anthropologists
99 = Missing data (or some or all unknown)

Formal Fieldwork training of authorities
1 = All had some
2 = some had
3 = None had any
99 = Missing data (or some or all unknown)

Knowledge of native language
1 = All knew it well
2 = Some knew it well
3 = None knew it well
99 = Missing data (or some or all unknown)

Total periods of fieldwork
1 = One year or less
2 = One to three years
3 = More than three years
99 = Missing data (or some or all unknown)

Anthropological Present
1 = Before 1800 A.D.
2 = 1801-1900
3 = 1901-1950
4 = After 1950 AD
99 = Missing data

Marriage Arrangements
1 = Individual selects/courts partner autonomously--
2 = Individual selects/courts partner autonomously; approval--
3 = Individual suggests partner to parents or others:
4 = Individual choice and arranged marriages are alternatives
99 = Missing data

Widow Remarriage: Choice of Partner
1 = Widow chooses new husband herself with no outside interfere
2 = Remarriage into first husband's kin group usual or preferred
3 = Widow chooses new husband herself, from first husband's kin
4 = Widow's husband's kin chooses new husband
5 = Remarriage is absent, uncommon, or strongly disapproved
99 = Missing data

Time of Mourning Before Remarriage of Widows
1 = No period of mourning: remarriage as soon as possible
2 = One week to two months of mourning
3 = Over two months but less than one year of mourning
4 = One year or over of mourning
5 = No remarriage
99 = Missing data

Attitude towards Divorce
1 = Expected, accepted, tolerated, not disapproved
2 = Mildly disapproved,
3 = Approved if reasons are considered justified
4 = Expect., accept., tolerated, not disapproved in 1st years
5 = Strongly disapproved; stigma attached to divorce
99 = Missing data

Frequency of Divorce
1 = Universal or almost universal
2 = Common, frequent, not uncommon
3 = Moderate: a small minority of couples divorce
4 = Freq. in 1st years of marriage and/or before children; rare
5 = Rare, isolated instances, never
99 = Missing data

Grounds for Divorce (Male)
1 = No grounds necessary for divorce
2 = Grounds not absolutely necessary, but easier
3 = Divorce only with grounds
4 = No divorce
99 = Missing data

Customs surrounding Consummation of Marriage
1 = Socially recognized as a special occasion; couple granted pr
2 = Special occasion, private, but consummation, etc. awaited by
3 = Special occasion, others present
4 = Not a special occasion
99 = Missing data

Sleeping Proximity between Husbands and Wives
1 = Same room and close proximity
2 = Same room but no close proximity
3 = Same room, proximity unknown
4 = Different rooms
99 = Missing data

Privacy in Sleeping for Husbands and Wives (Same Room)
1 = Husband and wife sleep together alone or with infants
2 = Husband and wife sleep with prepubescent children
3 = Unmarr. members of nuclear family sleep w/ husb., wife; sons
4 = All members of nuclear family below marriageable age sleep w
5 = Other adults occasionally sleep with husband and and wife
6 = Other adults permanently sleep with husband and wife
99 = Missing data

Husband-Wife Eating Arrangements
1 = Husband and wife usually eat together
2 = Wife does not eat with husband; serves him and/or converses
3 = Husband and wife often, usually, or always eat apart
99 = Missing data

Husband-Wife Leisure Time Activities
1 = Usually together at home, alone/with nuc or ext fam. mem.
2 = At home, sometimes in a group
3 = Group activities are emphasized: spend time haitually with o
4 = Together or in a group; sex-segregated activities salient:
5 = Generally spend leisure time apart; same-sex activities pred
99 = Missing data

Husband Attends Birth
1 = Husbands usually attend the births of their children
2 = No taboo against husband at births but usually absent
3 = Husbands attend births only in emergencies
4 = Husbands not allowed to attend births; have specified tasks
5 = Husbands explicitly barred from playing any role in labor or
99 = Missing data

Social/Political Conflict in Local Community
1 = Endemic: a reality of daily existence
2 = High: Conflict present but not pervasive
3 = Moderate
4 = Mild or rare
99 = Missing data

Conflict between Communities of the Same Society
1 = Endemic: violence regular
2 = Moderately High, often involving physical violence
3 = Moderate: Disputes may occur regularly
4 = Mild or rare
99 = Missing data

Resort to Physical Force by Disputants, Exclusive of institutionalized force
1 = Often used
2 = Sometimes used
3 = Rarely or never used
99 = Missing data

Mediation/Negotiation/Arbitration: Non-binding
1 = Often used (to settle disputes)
2 = Sometimes used
3 = Rarely or never used
99 = Missing data

Internal Warfare
1 = Frequent, occurring at least yearly
2 = Common, at least every five years
3 = Occasional, at least every generation
4 = Rare or never
99 = Missing data

Acceptability of Violence toward Members of local Community
1 = Valued
2 = Acceptable
3 = Tolerated
4 = Disapproved
99 = Missing data

Cross-Cutting ties: Age Organizations
1 = Absent
2 = Present but not politically important
3 = Present and political important
99 = Missing data

Female Participation in Public Political Arenas, Relative to Males
1 = In some situations equal to or greater than that of men
2 = Significant but not as high as male involvement
3 = Not great, clearly some role for women in of political life
4 = Women generally excluded from public aspects of politics
99 = Missing data

Female Participation in Private Political Arenas, Relative to Males
1 = High: in some situations equal to/greater than that of men
2 = Significant but not as high as male involvement
3 = Not great but some role for women in private aspects of poli
4 = Women do not seem to get involved in political life in priva
99 = Missing data

Gender differences in Political or Quasi-Political Positions of Authority
1 = Women and men eligible for some of the same positions--and w
2 = Women and men eligible for some of the same positions and wo
3 = Women rarely, if ever, hold some of the same positions regar
4 = The same political positions are not open to both women and
99 = Missing data

Separate Female Organizations and Positions
1 = Some associations or organizations under exclusive control o
2 = No associations--some positions of authority for which only
3 = No associations or positions exclusively controlled by women
99 = Missing data

Sexual Expression Adolescent Boys and Girls
2 = Not approved or admired (parents, authorities) (Mild forms s
5 = Normally and generally approved--Moderate frequency, intensi
8 = Strongly approved and valued--High frequency, variety of sex
99 = Missing data

Sexual Nonrestraint Adolescent Boys and Girls
2 = Strictly and effectively prohibited
5 = Disapproved and punished mildly and inconsistent
8 = Condoned and not generally punished
99 = Missing data

Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood for Boys, Girls
1 = Low, mostly the same, no formal transition, frequent compani
2 = Substantial, but inconsistent, not formalized, companionship
3 = High, with formal transition--infrequent companionship with
99 = Missing data

Pinpointing Date by Decade
11 = 110 AD
29 = 1290
52 = 1520
53 = 1530
55 = 1550
62 = 1620
63 = 1630
65 = 1650
71 = 1710
75 = 1750
77 = 1770
80 = 1800
82 = 1820
83 = 1830
84 = 1840
85 = 1850
86 = 1860
87 = 1870
88 = 1880
89 = 1890
90 = 1900
91 = 1910
92 = 1920
93 = 1930
94 = 1940
95 = 1950
96 = 1960

Distance between Co-Wives
0 = One wife, multiple husbands
1 = One wife
2 = Co-residence for multiple wives
3 = One wife resides with husband, others in separate houses
4 = One wife resides with husband, others in separ. communities
5 = Separate housing in compound for every wife
6 = Separate housing in village for every wife
99 = Missing data

Higher rates of polygyny for men of wealth, rank, nobility, higher social class
0 = No Stratified polygyny
1 = Stratified Polygyny
99 = Missing data

Multiple wives for Leaders, Headmen, Chiefs
0 = No, or unimportant
1 = Yes, or Leaders have more wives than commoners
99 = Missing data

Multiple wives for Medicine Men or Shamans
0 = No, or unimportant
1 = Yes
99 = Missing data

Additional wives or concubines from Slavery or Capture in Warfare
0 = No female captives
1 = Women taken as captives but not married
2 = Captives in war or slaves taken as wives or concubines
99 = Missing data

Polygyny Guttman Scale I: Co-Wife Autonomy
0 = None of the following
1 = Stratified Polygyny (VAR0854) only
2 = Negative binomial (VAR0855), plus above
3 = Marriage of female captives (VAR0858), plus above
4 = General polygyny (VAR0849), plus above
5 = Rooming apart (VAR0853), plus above
6 = Polygynous compounds (VAR0852), plus above
99 = Missing data

Polygyny Guttman Scale II: Charismatic
0 = None of the following
1 = Rooming together (VAR0853) only
2 = Co-Wives same dwelling (VAR0852), plus above
3 = Sororal (VAR0851), plus above
4 = Polygynous hunters (VAR0855), plus above
5 = Exclusive sororal polygyny (VAR0851), plus above
99 = Missing data

VALUE OF WAR: VIOLENCE/WAR AGAINST NON-MEMBERS OF THE GROUP
1 = Enjoyed and considered to have high value
2 = Considered to be a necessary evil
3 = Consistently avoided, denounced, not engaged in
99 = Missing Data

SUBJUGATION OF TERRITORY OR PEOPLE
1 = Present
2 = Absent or not mentioned
99 = Missing Data